若线程创建成功,则返回0;若线程创建失败,则返回出错编号。
使用示例
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
void *thread_fun(void *arg) {
printf("My pid is %d, my tid is %u.\n", getpid(), *((unsigned int *)arg));
}
int main() {
pthread_t tid;
printf("My pid is %d, my tid is %u.\n", getpid(), (unsigned int)pthread_self());
if (pthread_create(&tid, NULL, thread_fun, (void *)(&tid)) != 0) {
perror("Create error");
exit(1);
}
pause();
return 0;
}
执行结果
atreus@atreus-virtual-machine:~/code/220317$ make
gcc main.c -o main -pthread
atreus@atreus-virtual-machine:~/code/220317$ ./main
My pid is 54660, my tid is 1044952896.
My pid is 54660, my tid is 1044948736.
^C
atreus@atreus-virtual-machine:~/code/220317$
二、线程退出
#include
int pthread_cancel(pthread_t thread);
void pthread_exit(void *retval);
Compile and link with -pthread.
pthread_cancel()会发送终止信号给目标线程,如果成功则返回0,否则为非0值。但发送成功并不意味着目标线程一定会终止,目标线程收到终止信号后可以终止,也可以忽略,由其自己决定。线程取消是被动退出。
pthread_exit()函数用于线程的主动退出,可以指定返回值,其他线程可以通过pthread_join()函数获取该线程的返回值。当然,对于线程函数使用return返回也可以使线程退出。但不能使用exit退出,会导致进程退出。
三、线程等待&线程状态
#include
int pthread_join(pthread_t thread, void **retval);
int pthread_detach(pthread_t thread);
Compile and link with -pthread.
线程等待的目的就是保证线程的资源能够被回收,线程有两种状态:
默认情况下,线程会被创建成可结合态的。可结合线程需要主线程调用pthread_join()函数将其资源回收,或者调用pthread_detach()函数将其变为分离态线程,待线程结束时由系统回收其资源。
使用示例
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
void *thread1_fun(void *arg) {
pthread_detach(pthread_self());
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
void *thread2_fun(void *arg) {
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
int main() {
pthread_t tid1, tid2;
if (pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, thread1_fun, NULL) != 0) {
perror("Create error");
exit(1);
}
if (pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, thread2_fun, NULL) != 0) {
perror("Create error");
exit(1);
}
pthread_join(tid2, NULL);
return 0;
}
–
四、线程同步 1.匿名信号量
#include
int sem_init(sem_t *sem, int pshared, unsigned int value);
Link with -pthread.
sem_init()函数用于初始化一个信号量。sem是指向待操作信号量的指针,pshared如果为0则表示线程间信号量,如果非零则表示定位在共享内存中的进程间信号量,value指定信号量初始化的值。
#include
int sem_wait(sem_t *sem);
int sem_trywait(sem_t *sem);
int sem_timedwait(sem_t *sem, const struct timespec *abs_timeout);
Link with -pthread.
sem_wait()函数用于执行P操作,且为阻塞等待。sem_trywait()函数为非阻塞等待,执行失败会直接返回。sem_timedwait()函数也为阻塞等待,但可以通过abs_timeout参数设置等待时间。
#include
int sem_post(sem_t *sem);
Link with -pthread.
sem_post()函数用于执行V操作。
#include
int sem_destroy(sem_t *sem);
Link with -pthread.
sem_destroy()函数用于销毁一个匿名信号量,在Linux中省略这个函数不会带来异常,但为了安全性和可移植性,还是应该在合适的时机销毁信号量。
通过匿名信号量实现互斥
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
sem_t sem[1];
int sum = 0;
void *thread1_fun(void *arg);
void *thread2_fun(void *arg);
int main() {
pthread_t tid1, tid2;
sem_init(&sem[0], 0, 1);
if (pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, thread1_fun, NULL) != 0) {
perror("pthread_create(&tid1, NULL, thread1_fun, NULL");
exit(1);
}
if (pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, thread2_fun, NULL) != 0) {
perror("pthread_create(&tid2, NULL, thread2_fun, NULL");
exit(1);
}
pthread_join(tid1, NULL);
pthread_join(tid2, NULL);
sem_destroy(&sem[0]);
return 0;
}
void *thread1_fun(void *arg) {
sem_wait(&sem[0]);
printf("[1] sum = %d.\n", sum);
sleep(1);
sum++;
printf("[1] sum = %d.\n", sum);
sleep(1);
sem_post(&sem[0]);
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
void *thread2_fun(void *arg) {
sem_wait(&sem[0]);
printf("[2] sum = %d.\n", sum);
sleep(1);
sum++;
printf("[2] sum = %d.\n", sum);
sleep(1);
sem_post(&sem[0]);
pthread_exit(NULL);
}
2.互斥锁
通过互斥锁实现互斥
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
int sum = 0;
void *thread_add_fun(void *arg);
void *thread_show_fun(void *arg);
int main() {
pthread_t tid_add, tid_show;
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
if (pthread_create(&tid_add, NULL, thread_add_fun, NULL) != 0) {
perror("pthread_create(&tid_add, NULL, thread_add_fun, NULL");
exit(1);
}
if (pthread_create(&tid_show, NULL, thread_show_fun, NULL) != 0) {
perror("pthread_create(&tid_show, NULL, thread_show_fun, NULL");
exit(1);
}
pthread_join(tid_add, NULL);
pthread_join(tid_show, NULL);
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
return 0;
}
void *thread_add_fun(void *arg) {
sleep(1);
while (sum != 3) {
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
sum = sum + 1;
printf("[add] sum = %d.\n", sum);
sleep(1);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
}
void *thread_show_fun(void *arg) {
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
printf("[show] wait...\n");
if (sum != 3) pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
while (1) {
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
if (sum == 3) {
printf("[show] sum = %d.\n", sum);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
break;
} else {
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
}
}
执行结果
atreus@atreus-virtual-machine:~/code/220317$ make
gcc main.c -o main -pthread
atreus@atreus-virtual-machine:~/code/220317$ ./main
[show] wait...
[add] sum = 1.
[add] sum = 2.
[add] sum = 3.
[show] sum = 3.
atreus@atreus-virtual-machine:~/code/220317$
3.条件变量
通过条件变量和互斥锁实现互斥(改进互斥锁)
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
pthread_cond_t cond;
int sum = 0;
void *thread_add_fun(void *arg);
void *thread_show_fun(void *arg);
int main() {
pthread_t tid_add, tid_show;
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
pthread_cond_init(&cond, NULL);
if (pthread_create(&tid_add, NULL, thread_add_fun, NULL) != 0) {
perror("pthread_create(&tid_add, NULL, thread_add_fun, NULL");
exit(1);
}
if (pthread_create(&tid_show, NULL, thread_show_fun, NULL) != 0) {
perror("pthread_create(&tid_show, NULL, thread_show_fun, NULL");
exit(1);
}
pthread_join(tid_add, NULL);
pthread_join(tid_show, NULL);
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
pthread_cond_destroy(&cond);
return 0;
}
void *thread_add_fun(void *arg) {
sleep(1);
while (sum != 3) {
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
sum = sum + 1;
printf("[add] sum = %d.\n", sum);
sleep(1);
if (sum == 3) pthread_cond_signal(&cond);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
}
}
void *thread_show_fun(void *arg) {
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
printf("[show] wait...\n");
if (sum != 3) pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex);
printf("[show] sum = %d.\n", sum);
}
执行结果
atreus@atreus-virtual-machine:~/code/220317$ make
gcc main.c -o main -pthread
atreus@atreus-virtual-machine:~/code/220317$ ./main
[show] wait...
[add] sum = 1.
[add] sum = 2.
[add] sum = 3.
[show] sum = 3.
atreus@atreus-virtual-machine:~/code/220317$
通过执行结果可以看出,show函数在获得锁后发现sum不等于3,于是将锁释放并将自己挂起,add函数获得锁后执行自加线程池linux,在加到3后唤起show函数完成输出。这样就通过条件变量避免了死循环等待导致的资源占用。
其中,pthread_cond_wait函数并非只是单独地等待条件变量,因为我们注意到参数列表中除了条件变量外,还包括一个互斥锁。实际上,pthread_cond_wait会依次执行以下操作:
调用者线程首先释放互斥锁;然后阻塞,等待被别的线程唤醒;当调用者线程被唤醒后,调用者线程会再次获取互斥锁。
比如以下代码:
#include
#include
#include
pthread_mutex_t mutex;
pthread_cond_t cond;
void *addNumer(void *arg) {
pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);
printf("Waiting cond.\n");
pthread_cond_wait(&cond, &mutex);
pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);
return NULL;
}
int main() {
pthread_t thread1, thread2;
pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);
pthread_cond_init(&cond, NULL);
pthread_create(&thread1, NULL, addNumer, NULL);
pthread_create(&thread2, NULL, addNumer, NULL);
sleep(5);
printf("The pthread_cond_broadcast() will be used soon.\n");
pthread_cond_broadcast(&cond);
pthread_join(thread1, NULL);
pthread_join(thread2, NULL);
pthread_mutex_destroy(&mutex);
pthread_cond_destroy(&cond);
return 0;
}
atreus@AtreusdeMacBook-Pro % gcc code.c -o code -lpthread
atreus@AtreusdeMacBook-Pro % ./code
Waiting cond.
Waiting cond.
The pthread_cond_broadcast() will be used soon.
atreus@AtreusdeMacBook-Pro %
可以看到,在pthread_cond_broadcast(&cond)执行前,两个子线程已经分别抢到了互斥锁。
五、进程与线程
区别:
如何选择:
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